midtoad.org – Chester Alan Arthur, the 21st President of the United States, is often remembered as an enigmatic figure whose rise to the presidency followed the tragic assassination of President James A. Garfield. Serving from 1881 to 1885, Arthur’s tenure was marked by significant reforms, his unexpected transition from a machine politician to a proponent of civil service reform, and the reshaping of American politics during a time of rapid industrialization and social change.
Early Life and Political Career
Born on October 5, 1829, in Fairfield, Vermont, Chester A. Arthur grew up in a relatively affluent household. His father, a Baptist preacher, was an abolitionist who moved his family to New York State to escape the pervasive influence of slavery. Arthur attended Union College in Schenectady, where he excelled academically, and after graduation, he began a law career.
Arthur’s early political involvement began in the Republican Party, where he was associated with the political machine of New York Senator Roscoe Conkling. He became a key figure in the patronage system, securing political appointments for loyal party members, earning the title of “political boss.” His work as a customs collector in New York City was notable for his involvement in the Republican machine, which would later be a point of controversy.
The Assassination of James Garfield and Arthur’s Rise to the Presidency
In 1881, President James A. Garfield was tragically shot by Charles J. Guiteau, a disgruntled office-seeker. Garfield succumbed to his wounds two months later, and Arthur, as vice president, assumed the presidency at the age of 51. His ascension to the highest office in the land was met with skepticism, particularly due to his background in patronage politics, leading many to believe that his presidency would be dominated by political machines.
However, Arthur surprised many of his critics. Instead of aligning with the corrupt political factions that had helped elevate him, he embraced a platform of civil service reform. This shift in direction marked a profound change in his political ideology.
Civil Service Reform: The Pendleton Act
One of Arthur’s most significant achievements as president was the passage of the Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act in 1883. The act established that federal government jobs should be awarded based on merit rather than political affiliation, a reform that sought to reduce the patronage system and make government appointments more impartial and effective.
Arthur’s support for the Pendleton Act marked a dramatic departure from his earlier political career, earning him respect among reformers and political observers. By the time of its passage, the law had already begun to influence changes in hiring practices and began the process of professionalizing the federal workforce.
Tariff Reform and Other Achievements
Another area where Arthur left his mark was in tariff reform. Although not a radical reformer on economic matters, he did oversee the passage of the Tariff Act of 1883, which lowered some of the excessive duties that had been established earlier in the century. The issue of tariffs would remain a central theme in American politics for decades to come, but Arthur’s actions were seen as a moderate step toward reform.
Additionally, Arthur took steps to modernize the U.S. Navy, believing that a strong navy was essential for the nation’s security and international prestige. Under his administration, new ships were commissioned, and the navy’s readiness was improved.
The End of His Presidency and Legacy
Arthur’s presidency, while relatively short, was one of surprising accomplishments. However, he did not seek re-election in 1884, and his term ended in March 1885. His health, plagued by a kidney disease, and the changing political landscape contributed to his decision not to run.
Although Arthur’s time in office was not as tumultuous or high-profile as some of his successors, his presidency left a lasting legacy of reform. He is remembered for his transformation from a political patronage figure to a leader who championed civil service reform, setting the stage for future improvements in government efficiency and fairness.
Chester A. Arthur passed away on November 18, 1886, just a year after leaving office. He may not have achieved the national fame of some other presidents, but his contributions to the civil service system and American politics are still recognized today.